[ARTICLE] DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS IN ELLEN DEGENERES SHOW SEASON 18
DIRECTIVE SPEECH
ACTS IN ELLEN DEGENERES
SHOW
SEASON
18
Lavira
Puspitasari
State Islamic University Raden Mas Said Surakarta
Abstract
Talk show
becomes the dominant television program of entertainment that talks about
controversial issues happening. One of the famous talk shows is Ellen DeGeneres Show. This
research has three research problem the types, the strategies and the context
of situation in the eighteenth season of Ellen
DeGeneres Show. The researcher applied Yule’s(1996) theory to know the types
and the strategies of directive speech act. He states that there are five types
(command, request, invitation, suggestion and prohibition) and two strategies (
direct and indirect of directive speech acts).
Then, the researcher applied Leech’s (1983) to know the context of
situation in the eighteenth season of Ellen
DeGeneres Show. This research is a qualitative research by employs descriptive
method. The data of this research was taken from Ellen Tube Application. The data is written form in the transcripted textThe
technique for collecting data is documentation. The researcher used a validator
to validate the data. In this research, the researcher found 85 data. The researcher found 38 data to command, 21 data to request,
16 data to
invitation, 6 data to
suggestion and 4 data to
prohibition. The researcher also found 66 data to direct
directive speech acts and 19 data to
indirect directive speech. Command is the dominant data finding because Ellen
as a host has Ellen as the presenter has acts the higher status or the
authority hosting the programmes. Ellen also has a right to command the guest
stars to explain their stories or to do something. Direct is the dominant strategy because Ellen
as presenter need skill like clear voice so, the guests and the audiences are
easy to comprehend what Ellen want to say. Context of situations is the essensial part
of directive speech acts. There are three aspects such as addresees and
adreseers, context of utterances and goal of utterances.
Keyword: Talk
show, Directive Speech Acts, Ellen DeGeneres Show Season 18
Introduction
In daily time, talk show
becomes the dominant television program of entertainment. It is a popular
program because the mysterious guest
stars or the participant of celebrities in talk show fulfill curiosity about their life and
society responses. Talk show is an influential media phenomenon that talks
about controversial issues happening. It gives a different perspective, opinion
and shares the guest's experiences with the public. A talk show is a television
entertainment program in discussion session or conversation form of the
participant on particular topics guided by the host. The participant is a
celebrity, rich and inspirative person. People can get information, motivation,
and entertainment from it.
According
to Timberg and Eller (2010), a talk show is host-centered, the conversation
form in the present tense, spontaneous but highly structured, product commodity
warp out within the strict formulas and measured
segments of costly network time, and designed to air topics appealing to the
widest possible audience. One of the famous talk shows is Ellen
DeGeneres Show. The researcher select Ellen
DeGeneres Show Season 18 as the object of the research. Ellen
DeGeneres Show is daytime
American show hosted by a comedian, Ellen DeGeneres. The talk show first
debuted on September 8, 2013. Ellen
DeGeneres Show is popular American show
and becomes destination for laughter and fun dailytime show after Oprah
Winfrey Show ended in 2011. Since its inception in 2003, Ellen DeGeneres Show has already got 64
Daytime Emmy Awards in total and becomes the record holder of the
Outstanding Entertainment Talkshow category for 12 times.
Ellen DeGeneres Show provides
many segments and games such as shows amazing talent, chart-topping of music, and real-life stories
from the guest. In eighteenth seson there are 185 episodes and every segment
combines comedy and information a fact about particular topics. This episodes get the high rate and viewer because the show upholds its
reputation as a leader of dailytime show genre with unparalled celebrity
interviews, topical stories, musical
performances, extraordinary human interest and highlight viral sensation world
wide.
In talk show the conversation will be
successful when the host inferred the guest star's meaning. In linguistics, the
study of meaning are semantics and pragmatics. Yule (1996:3) states that pragmatics is a study of contextual meaning concerned with how the speaker’s utterances deliver what he/she wants to say and how
the hearer interprets it to get the implicit meaning of the speaker’s utterances. The context of meaning can influence the
utterances by the speaker and interpret by the hearer.
Speech
acts is part of pragmatics field.
Directive speech act is a speech act that used when the speaker wants to do something (Yule, 1996). He classified directive speech act into some members such as Command,
request, suggestion,
invitation and prohibition. Yule (1996) also expained the strategies of directive speech acts such as direct and indirect
strategies. Leech (1983) proposed the aspect of context situation accordance to
pragmatics approach.
Some previous studies about speech
act that inspiring the writer to do this research. Previous
study conducted by Nurhayati (2017). This
research focused on the types of directive speech act and form of directive
speech act from the deep meaning of dialogue's in the Kungfu Panda 3 Movie.
Then, journal taken from Girsang and Saragih (2014). This study focused on the
illlocutionary act used in Ellen Degeneres talk show. There result, most
dominan finding is representatives.
Based on
several previous study, most of them used the object such as movies, speeches,
newspapers, novels and, etc. Ellen DeGeneres Show, is reality show. In this case, the research using real object
which is really occuring in a real life. In
Ellen DeGeneres Show when in the interview
session, the directive speech act are given spontaneously to the guest stars
and the response that the guest stars given could be directly spontaneously. Moreover,
theres no script that has been written and illustrated behind like in the
movies or other object. In this paper, the writer focus on one character only. Seeing this, the wrirer will analyze the types and the
strategies and the forms of directive speech act used by Ellen as
a host in the Ellen DeGeneres Show. The writer also willing
to know in what context Ellen uses directive speech acts in conversations.
Methodology
This research applied qualitative method. According to Bogdan and Biklen (1982:13) describes Qualitative research is
descriptive. Descriptive research use qualitative method because the data
collected is in the form word of pictures or textual rather than number. So, the form of
data are textual or discursive.
The data of this research was taken from Ellen Tube Application. The data is written form in the
trancripted text. Its collected
by the form of phrase, clause and
sentences taken from Ellen’s utterances in talk show that including of directive
speech utterances.
The main
instrument in this research is the researcher herself. Creswell
(2009), the researcher is a key instrument since the qualitative rsearcher
collects data themselves through examining documents, observasing behavior and
interviewing participants. The supporting instruments are pen, papers,
notebook, laptop and electronic dictionary. Those things support the researcher
to collect and analyze the data.
In collecting data, the
researcher applied documentation to get
the transcripted data in the writen form from the Ellen’s utterances
that present directive speech acts. The researcher will do the steps to
collecting data such as observing Ellen DeGeneres talk show videos in Ellen
Tube Application, transcripting and note taking the utterances accordance to
the theory and documentating by capturing the scene that presenting directive
speech act. The researcher used external auditor/validataor to validate the
data. Creswell (2009) stated that the
procedure of having an independent investigator look over many aspect such as
the accurancy of transcription, the relationship between the research questions
and the data, the level of data analysis from raw data through
interpretation.The criterions of validator such as a linguistics master who expert on pragmatics
fields especially in speech act and a linguistics master who will to the
validity of the data of this research based on Yule’s (1996) theory. Then to
analyse the data, the researcher used Spradley (1979) theory.
Finding
and Discussion
In findings, the researcher
will analyze the data found on directive speech acts in Ellen DeGeneres Show Season 18. Each data found is analyzed by
looking at each types, strategies and context of situsion of directive speech
acts. Here are some example of directive speech acts in Ellen DeGeneres Show Season 18 selected:
1) 27/EDS/E11/ED/C/D
ED: Thank you,
I'm doing great as well. Tell everybody
what you're doing! This is so cool what
you're doing.
GS: Thank you.
OK, so I came across a group on Facebook one day called "Desks by Dads”.
This datum occured in datum number 27 in the eleventh episodes of
eighteenth season of Ellen DeGeneres Show. This datum found in
00:00:27 minutes. The guest stars is Colby from
Purcellville, Virginia. Ellen as the speaker and host of this show perform direct command in the imperative form. Command or order is an action or
utterances of the speaker who has the authority or power to control and give
command to the hearer. Ellen used command to order the guest stars to shares
the stories or to do something.
This datum
indicates as command because Ellen as
the host has right to command Colby explain what project Colby going to do. In this case Ellen wants
him tells and shares about his inspiration
to make the desk and some project that he has done. In this context, he has
made over 120 desks and donated them to kids in his community. He is smart boy.
So, Ellen’s friends at Lowe's going to surprise him by gave him a check for $10,000 to go
towards college education. From the utterances above is direct command because
do not represent other act. Its just literal meaning utterances
2)
29/EDS/E16/ED/R/ID
ED: Oh, good. I
actually would love for you to come sit down
and talk to me down here.
GS:Yes, I’ll be there
This datum occured in datum number 29 in the sixteenth
episodes of eighteenth season of Ellen DeGeneres Show. This datum found in 00:00:55 minutes. The guest stars is Rickkita. Ellen make
request indirectly in the declarative form. The form of the datum is declarative
since it is in the statement form. Request is the
utterances that have function to ask something. Ellen used request to
ask or beg the guest stars to do something
Ellen
indirectly request Rickkita to come down from the skybox. In this case Rickkita
think that she just Ellen’s skybox audience member of the day and had no idea
she would be guest stars on the show. Rickkita has background knowledge to know
the invisible meaning.
The effect is Rickkita come down from the skybox and chatted with Ellen. This
context Ellen want chatted about her feeling to be single mom who was
forloughed at the start of pandemic. So, this datu is reques with indirect
strayegies because theres another meaning beyond the utterances.
3) 11/EDS/E1/ED/S/ID
ED: Can I just say, because my hair was
falling out because I was coloring it so much. And someone told me to get a
satin pillowcase because satin pillowcase aren't as hard on your hair. So, that might be better than Monistat
GS: I'mma tell you I've had a satin
pillow.
This datum is found in
datum number 11 in the first episodes of eighteenth season of Ellen DeGeneres Show. This datum occured in 00:09:43 minutes. The guest star of the show is Tiffany Haddish. This datum is indirect suggestion in declarative
form. Suggestion is the utterances that have
function to suggest something in order to give suggestion to the hearer. Ellen
used suggestion to giving the guest stars some recommendation.
It is suggestion because Ellen give recommendation about the pillow
fabric. Ellen suggest in the polite way by used the word “might be better”
because Ellen doesn’t want to offend her. Moreover, Ellen also give her reason
first why satin pillow more smooth and better than monistrat before give
recommendation to Tiffany. It is has invisible meaning because Ellen doesnt say
directly that satin is better than monistrat. In this case, Tiffany have
background knowledge, so she can understand what Ellen intended meaning. In
speech acts, the structure is not always the same as the meaning. So, this
datum can be the types of indirect suggestion.
Based
on the data findings above, the researcher found 85 data. The researcher found 38 data to command, 21 data to request, 16 data to invitation, 6 data to suggestion and 4 data to prohibition. The
researcher also found 66
data to direct directive speech acts and 19 data to indirect directive
speech. Here the resecher presented in table as bellow:
Table 1.1 The percentage of the
types of directive speech acts
|
Types |
Total |
Precentage |
|
Command |
38 |
44.71% |
|
Request |
21 |
24.71% |
|
Invitation |
16 |
18.82% |
|
Suggestion |
6 |
7.05% |
|
Prohibition |
4 |
4.71% |
|
TOTAL |
85 |
100% |
Table 4.2 The percentage of the
strategies of directive speech acts
|
Strategies |
Total |
Precentage |
|
Direct |
66 |
77.65% |
|
Indirect |
19 |
22.35% |
|
TOTAL |
85 |
100% |
From the table above, it can be seen that direct is
the dominant finding. For the types of directive speech acts, command is
dominant data. The researcher found 38 (44.71%) belongs to command. For the
strategies of directive speech acts, direct strategies is the dominant data. The
researcher found 66 (77.65% ) data belongs to direct directive speech acts. Therefore,
direct command is the dominant data finding. Ellen as the presenter has the
higher status or the authority hosting the programmes.
Ellen also has a right to command the guest stars to
explain their stories or to do something.
Therefore, Ellen performs a command frequently in
the eighteenth season of Ellen DeGeneres Show. Besides, as
a presenter Ellen need has clear voice to hosting the programmes. Thats why
Ellen using direct directive speech acts to communicate with the guest.
Therefore, direct directive speech acts are frequently found in eighteenth season of Ellen
DeGeneres Show.
Context of situation is the essensial part of directive
speech acts. Context influence the hearer to interpret what the speaker
intendes meaning. Leech (1983:13) defines that context is the background
knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer and which
contributes to the hearer’s interpretation of what the speaker means by given utterances. It gives deeper meaning to
utterances. Leech also statesthere are some aspect situation in pragmatics
approach such as addressers and addreseess, the context of an utterances and
the goals of utterances.
Conclusion
After discussion the
types, the stategies and the context of situation of directive speech act in
eighteenth season of Ellen DeGeneres Show. The result of this
research, the types of direct command is the dominant data finding. It is related to the
responsibility of the presenter. Agcas (2021) states that Ellen as presenter
will be responsible for hosting the program, linking the segments, and
interview and introducing the guest stars. Therefore, Ellen performs direct
command to give intruction/ to interview to the guest stars to tell their
stories in the interview session. Bsesides, the skills of the presenter. Agcas
(2021) mentions that the presenter need to have skill such as excellent
communication and presentation skill, the ability to take initiative, have
clear voice, confident manner, etc. In this case, Ellen performs direct command
politely without offending the guests because Ellen is good in communication. Context of situations is the essensial part of directive
speech acts. There are three aspects such as addresees and adreseers, context
of utterances and goal of utterances.
References
AGCAS. (2021). Broadcast presenter. Graduate Prospects
Published
https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/broadcast-presenter
Bogdan, R.Cand
Biklen, S.K. (1982). Basic qualitative research for education: An
introduction to theory and methods. Bostom: Allyn and Bacon.
Craswell, J.W.
(2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed, methods
approaches. London: Sage Publisher
Girsang, G. (2014). Illocutionary
acts in Ellen Degeneres Talk Show (Doctoral dissertation, University
of Medan
Leech, Geoffrey. (1983). Principles
of Pragmatics. New York: Longman Group
Nurhayati, E. (2017). Directive
speech act analysis in Kungfu Panda 3 Movie (pragmatics approach).
Surakarta: IAIN Surakarta
Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic
interview. New York: Holt,
Rinehart
and Winston
Yule, George. (1996). Pragmatics.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
Komentar
Posting Komentar